Week number for any date
Why week 1 hinges on a Thursday
ISO weeks start on Monday, so the week containing 1 January usually straddles two years. Whichever year owns the majority of those seven days (4 or more) gets the week. Pick the weekday of 1 January:
That week has 4 January days, so it is week 1 of the new year. Notice the Thursday: whenever it lands in January, January has the majority. That's why the rule is usually stated as "the week with the first Thursday", or equivalently "the week containing 4 January".
ISO or US week numbers?
ISO 8601 (Monday start, first-Thursday rule) is the standard across Europe and much of Asia, and in tools like ISOWEEKNUM in Excel or %V in programming languages. US-style numbering starts week 1 on 1 January and weeks on Sunday, so it can differ by one.
If a colleague in Germany says "KW …" (Kalenderwoche), they mean the ISO week. When in doubt, quote the dates as well as the number.
ISO years have 52 or 53 weeks. 2026 has 53.